Sometimes it is useful to create a byte array storing a single C value, like a struct with a single field. A pair of utility words exist to make this more convenient:

<ref> ( value c-type -- c-ptr )

deref ( c-ptr c-type -- value )

These words can be used to in conjunction with, or instead of, with-out-parameters to handle "out-parameters". For example, if a function is declared in the following way:


and writes to the pointer 'a', then it can be called like this:


The stack will then contain the two integers emitted by the 'do_foo' function.